Co-integrated energy-harvesting and radio frequency transmission structure for Ku-band applications

Abstract

This paper presents the design, optimization, and simulation of a compact meshed antenna integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) cell for simultaneous Ku-band wireless communication and solar energy harvesting. The proposed structure leverages the front metallic grid of the solar cell as both a radiating patch and an energy-collecting surface, enabling compact, and autonomous radio frequency (RF) operation. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to minimize key loss mechanisms—including series resistance, contact resistance, metal resistivity, and optical shadowing—associated with the grid geometry. The optimization process identified an optimal finger width of 28 μm that maximized energy conversion efficiency while maintaining high-quality RF radiation. The antenna is implemented on a multilayer silicon substrate and operates at a resonant frequency of 16.55 GHz with a simulated −10 dB bandwidth of 390 MHz. A peak gain of 4.24 dBi and a directivity of 8.67 dB were achieved. An RF/direct current (DC) decoupling circuit was also integrated to ensure functional independence between the energy harvesting and communication subsystems, with negligible impact on return loss. This dual-function system offers a promising solution for the development of compact, energy-autonomous wireless platforms, particularly suited for internet of things (IoT) applications, smart infrastructure, and remote sensing in space-constrained environments.