Arduino-based dual-axis solar tracking and panel positioning system using light dependent resistor sensors

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources; however, the power output of photovoltaic (PV) panels strongly depends on their orientation relative to the sun. Fixed solar panels cannot maintain optimal alignment throughout the day, resulting in reduced energy harvesting efficiency. This paper presents an Arduino-based dual-axis solar tracking and panel positioning system that automatically adjusts the panel in both azimuth and elevation directions to maximize solar exposure. The proposed system employs four light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors to detect variations in solar irradiance, while an Arduino Uno microcontroller processes the sensor signals and controls two DC motors through an L293D motor driver to adjust the panel orientation. A voltage sensing module and a DHT11 temperature sensor are integrated for real-time monitoring, with system parameters displayed on a 16×2 LCD. A hardware prototype was developed and tested under natural sunlight conditions. Experimental observations indicate that the PV output voltage varied approximately between 7 V and 11 V during daytime operation, demonstrating effective solar alignment and improved energy harvesting performance. The proposed system provides stable tracking with low power consumption and offers a simple and cost-effective solution for PV applications.